Narrated Abu Huraira:

The Prophet said, "There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its Cure."

Expectational psychology is the result of this hadith

A schema (pl. schemata), in psychology and cognitive science, is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. Schemata were initially introduced into psychology and education through the work of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969). This learning theory views organized knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one’s understanding of the world. Schema theory was developed by the educational psychologist R. C. Anderson. The term schema was used by Jean Piaget in 1926, so it was not an entirely new concept. Anderson, however, expanded the meaning[1].

People use schemata to organize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding. Examples of schemata include Rubric (academic), stereotypes, social roles, scripts, worldviews, and archetypes. In Piaget’s theory of development, children adopt a series of schemata to understand the worldHistory of Schema Theory

This section requires expansion.

Plato elaborates the Greek doctrine of ideal types – such as the perfect circle that exists in the mind but which no one has ever seen. Immanuel Kant further developed the notion and introduced the word "schema." For example, he describes the "dog" schema: a mental pattern which "can delineate the figure of a four-footed animal in a general manner, without limitation to any single determinate figure as experience, or any possible image that I can represent in concreto" (Kant 1781). Since that time, many other terms have been used as well, including "frame," "scene," "scenario," "script," and even "model" and "theory"[vague].

Key theoretical development of schema theory was made in several fields, including communications, linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and artificial intelligence. The heyday of schema theory was probably in the 1970s (although of course in OB it has barely arrived). One of the main engines was artificial intelligence, which was engaged in getting computers to read natural text. It was quickly discovered that most of what is communicated in a newspaper article cannot be understood without reference to a great deal of information that is not included in the article itself.

Major contributions to schema theory were made by American psychologist George Kelly. His personal construct psychology carefully delineated the ways in which people form and modify schemata that determine their experience of reality.

Schemata are an effective tool for understanding the world. Through the use of schemata, most everyday situations do not require effortful thought— automatic thought is all that is required. People can quickly organize new perceptions into schemata and act effectively without effort. For example, most people have a stairway schema and can apply it to climb staircases they’ve never seen before.

However, schemata can influence and hamper the uptake of new information (proactive interference), such as when existing stereotypes, giving rise to limited or biased discourses and expectations (prejudices), may lead an individual to ‘see’ or ‘remember’ something that has not happened because it is more believable in terms of his/her schema. For example, if a well-dressed businessman draws a knife on a vagrant, the schemata of onlookers may (and often do) lead them to ‘remember’ the vagrant pulling the knife. Such distortion of memory has been demonstrated. (See Background research below.)

Schemata are interrelated and multiple conflicting schemata can be applied to the same pickle information. Schemata are generally thought to have a level of activation, which can spread among related schemata. Which schema is selected can depend on factors such as current activation, accessibility, and priming.

With priming, a brief imperceptible stimulus temporarily provides enough activation to a schema so that it is used for subsequent ambiguous information. Although this may suggest the possibility of subliminal messages, the effect of priming is so fleeting that it is difficult to detect outside laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the mere exposure effect —which requires consciousness of the stimuli— is far more effective than priming.

Sufferers of Korsakov’s syndrome are unable to form new memories, and must approach every situation as if they had just seen it for the first time. Many sufferers adapt by continually forcing their world into barely-applicable schemata, often to the point of incoherence and self-contradiction.[citation needed]

The original concept of schemata is linked with that of reconstructive memory as proposed and demonstrated in a series of experiments by Bartlett (1932). By presenting participants with information that was unfamiliar to their cultural backgrounds and expectations and then monitoring how they recalled these different items of information (stories, etc.), Bartlett was able to establish that individuals’ existing schemata and stereotypes influence not only how they interpret ‘schema-foreign’ new information but also how they recall the information over time. One of his most famous investigations involved asking participants to read a Native American folk tale, "The War of the Ghosts," and recall it several times up to a year later. All the participants transformed the details of the story in such a way that it reflected their cultural norms and expectations, i.e. in line with their schemata. The factors that influenced their recall were:

Bartlett’s work was crucially important in demonstrating that long-term memories are neither fixed nor immutable but are constantly being adjusted as our schemata evolve with experience. In a sense it supports the existentialist view that we construct our past and present in a constant process of narrative/discursive adjustment, and that much of what we ‘remember’ is actually confabulated (adjusted and rationalised) narrative that allows us to think of our past as a continuous and coherent string of events, even though it is probable that large sections of our memory (both episodic and semantic) are irretrievable to our conscious memory at any given time.

Further work on the concept of schemas was conducted by Brewer and Treyens (1981) who demonstrated that the schema-driven expectation of the presence of an object was sometimes sufficient to trigger its erroneous recollection. An experiment was conducted where participants were requested to wait in a room identified as an academic’s study and were later asked about the room’s contents. A number of the participants recalled having seen books in the study whereas none were present. Brewer and Treyens concluded that the participants’ expectations that books are present in academics’ studies were enough to prevent their accurate recollection of the scenes.

New information that falls within an individual’s schema is easily remembered and incorporated into their worldview. However, when new information is perceived that does not fit a schema, many things can happen. The most common reaction is to simply ignore or quickly forget the new information.[citation needed] This can happen on a deep level—frequently an individual does not become conscious of or even perceive the new information. However, when the new information cannot be ignored, existing schemata must be changed.

Schemata about one’s self are considered to be grounded in the present and based on past experiences. Memories, as mentioned, are framed in the light of one’s self-conception. There are three major implications of self-schemata. Firstly, information about oneself is processed faster and more efficiently, especially consistent information. Second, one retrieves and remembers information that is relevant to one’s self-schema. Third, one will tend to resist information in the environment that is contradictory to one’s self-schema. This is also related to self-verification

The purposes of this hadith are to summarize the prophet’s expectancy model of fear, review the recent studies evaluating this model, and suggest directions for future research. Reiss’ expectancy model holds.

there are three fundamental fears (called sensitivities): the fear of injury, the fear of anxiety, and the fear of negative evaluation. Thus far, research on this model has focused on the fear of anxiety (anxiety sensitivity). The major research findings are as follows: simple phobias sometimes are motivated by expectations of panic attacks; the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) is a valid and unique measure of individual differences in the fear of anxiety sensations; the ASI is superior to measures of trait anxiety in the assessment of panic disorder; anxiety sensitivity is associated with agoraphobia, simple phobia, panic disorder, and substance abuse; and anxiety sensitivity is strongly associated with fearfulness. There is some preliminary support for the hypothesis that anxiety sensitivity is a risk factor for panic disorder. It is suggested that future researchers evaluate the hypotheses that anxiety and fear are distinct phenomena; that panic attacks are intense states of fear (not intense states of anxiety); and that anxiety sensitivity is a risk factor for both fearfulness and panic disorder

The earliest examples of expeditionary warfare come from the Sea Peoples, a term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty.

The most prominent development of expeditionary warfare during the European Middle Ages came from the environmental pressures in the Scandinavian region during the Middle Ages, and the emergence of the Viking migrations that combined raiding, longer term inland operations, occupation and settlement. These operations were conducted as sea, coastal and riverine operations, and sometimes were strategic in nature, reaching as far as Constantinople. Pre Prophetic age of Arabia migrating like this type of Expenditions.

The development in expeditionary operations reached a new level when during the Crusades the element of political alliance as an influence on the military strategy was introduced, for example in the Sixth Crusade (1228 CE).

Expeditionary warfare in Asia begun very much in the same way it had in the Mediterranean with short term raids by the so called Japanese pirates. Because the Wokou were weakly resisted by the Ming Dynasty, the raiding eventually developed into fully fledged expeditionary warfare with the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).

Although all expeditionary warfare until the invention of the combustion engine was largely dependent on the sailing vessels, it was with the creation of sophisticated rigging systems of the European Renaissance that the Age of Sail allowed a significant expansion in the expeditionary warfare, notably by the European colonial empires. Some have argued that this was the first revolution in military affairs that changed national strategies, operational methods and tactics both at sea and on the land. One notable example of this evolution was the French Invasion of Egypt (1798). Though a significantly expanded expeditionary operation, the Crimean War was the first example of a planned expeditionary campaign that was directed as part of a multinational coalition strategy. Aside from being the first modern expeditionary operation that used steam powered warships and telegraph communications which marked it as the departing point for the rest of the 19th and 20th century developments. It was also the first used as a military theatre instrument to force decision in the conflict, in what proved to be the last use of the sailing vessels in military expeditions.

Perhaps unique in the development of the expeditionary warfare were the operations by Yermak during the Russian conquest of Siberia which was a largely land operation. This eventually led to the Russian settlement of the Far East and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The next development in the evolution of the expeditionary warfare was made during the expansion of the European Empires and the era of colonialism that also led to the inclusion of the expeditionary methods into the direct expression of national strategies to avoid full scale conflicts in the shape of the gunboat diplomacy approach. It was at this time that naval troops previously used almost exclusively for defence of vessels or minor beach operations were expanded to enable extended littoral operations. The colonial experience, though largely confined to the period before the First World War, persisted well into the 20th century. Unique in this period was the emergence of non-empire building multinational (though not coalition) operations to defeat the Boxer Rebellion by the Eight-Nation Alliance that can be categorised as possibly the first peacekeeping operation in the modern era. Perhaps the best example of the empire-building application of the expeditionary warfare were the conflicts between the British Empire and the Boer settlers in South Africa, and the resulting First and Second Boer Wars.

British Expeditionary Force China Expeditionary Army Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia

American "power projection"

Expeditionary Air Wing Air Expeditionary Wing deployable CAOC

Marine Expeditionary Unit Expeditionary maneuver warfare Marine Air-Ground Task Force

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson initially planned to give command of the AEF to General Frederick Funston, but after Funston’s sudden death, Wilson appointed Major General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing in May 1917; Pershing remained in command for the entire war. Pershing insisted that American soldiers should be well-trained before going to Europe. As a result, few troops arrived before 1918. In addition, Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies, and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in decimated Allied units. This attitude was not always well received by the Allied leaders[citation needed] who distrusted the potential of an army whose previous fighting experience was acquired in "colonial" type expeditions ( Philippines, Mexico, Cuba ). However, by June 1917, 14,000 U.S. soldiers had already arrived in France, and by May 1918 over one million U.S. troops were stationed in France,[citation needed] half of them being on the front lines. Since the transport ships needed to bring American troops to Europe were scarce at the beginning, the army pressed into service cruise ships, seized German ships, and borrowed Allied ships to transport American soldiers from New York, New Jersey, and Newport News, Virginia.

The mobilization effort taxed the American military to the limit and required new organizational strategies and command structures to transport great numbers of troops and supplies quickly and efficiently. The French harbors of Bordeaux, La Pallice, Saint Nazaire and Brest became the entry points into the French railway system which brought the US forces and their supplies to the front. American engineers in France built 82 new ship berths, nearly 1000 miles of additional standard-gauge tracks and 100,000 miles of telephone and telegraph lines.[citation needed] The first American troops, who were often called "Doughboys" , first landed in Europe in June 1917. However the AEF did not participate at the front until late October 1917, when the 1st Infantry Division, one of the best-trained divisions of the AEF,[citation needed] entered the trenches near Nancy.

Pershing wanted an American force that could operate independently of the other Allies, but his vision could not be realized until adequately trained troops with sufficient supplies reached Europe. Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals for combat. The AEF had landed in France in 1917 without field artillery or automatic weapons and had to turn to the French to complete its equipment. Particularly appreciated[citation needed] were the French canon de 75, the canon de 155 C modele 1917 Schneider and the canon de 155mm GPF. All three were eventually manufactured in the USA, beginning in mid 1918. American aviation units received the SPAD XIII fighter and the US tank corps used the French Renault FT17 as well as British heavy tanks. The FT17 was also built under licence in the USA beginning late in 1918. Following the U.S. First Infantry Division, three additional U.S. Divisions entered the battlefields in March 1918. The rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918.

At the beginning, during early 1918, the few battle-ready U.S. divisions were deployed with French and British units to defend relatively quiet sectors of their lines. After the first AEF victory on the 28th of May 1918 at Cantigny, by the 1st U.S. Division, Pershing worked towards the deployment of a US field Army. US Army and Marine Corps troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris, during the Second Battle of the Marne in June 1918 (at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood). The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient in September 1918.[citation needed] During the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, beginning September 12, 1918, Pershing commanded the American First Army, comprising seven divisions and more than 500,000 men, in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by United States armed forces to date.[citation needed] This successful offensive was followed by the Meuse-Argonne offensive, lasting from September 26 to November 11, 1918, during which general Pershing commanded more than one million American and French combatants. In these two military operations, Allied forces recovered more than two hundred square miles (520 km²) of French territory from the German army.

By the time the Armistice had suspended all combat on November 11, 1918, the American Expeditionary Forces had evolved into a modern, combat-tested army.[citation needed]Many future US military leaders, such as George Patton and Douglas MacArthur, were veterans of the AEF.

A German artillery gun captured at Rabaul This show of firepower was sufficient to start negotiations. The terms were signed on 17 September and all military resistance in German New Guinea ceased, with the remaining armed forces, comprising 40 German soldiers and 110 natives, surrendering by 21 September. The German colony at Madang on Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (the New Guinea mainland) was occupied on 24 September but the German cruiser SMS Cormoran, which was lurking nearby, escaped undetected. Over the next two months, the remaining German outposts were occupied. The terms of the surrender allowed the colony’s governor, Dr. Eduard Haber, to return to Germany while German civilians could remain as long as they swore an oath of neutrality. Those who refused were transported to Australia from where they could freely travel back to Germany. Although successful the operation was not well managed, and the Australians had been effectively delayed by a half-trained native force.[2] The losses of the AN&MEF were light in the context of later operations but were sufficiently heavy given the relatively modest gain. These loses were further compounded by the disappearance of the Australian submarine HMAS AE1 during a patrol off Rabaul on 14 September, with 35 men aboard. Following the capture of German possessions in the region, the AN&MEF provided occupation forces for the duration of the war.[3]

Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 97 ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 97 ^ Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918 Volume X

The second topic of this hadith is the medicinal usages of water. prophet(s) used water at the military treatment actually water is a medicinee itself.

Internet base have glory to introduce a new and ompletely normal method to treat diseases and especially incurable diseases to mortals.In this method ,the patient will be treated by a specialist of this method (Hassan Jalalian) in 10 to 40 days . There is not any chemical drugs or surgical operation , and acording to special orders of the specialist of This method ,the patient would fast and drink only water in his therapy periods in 10 to 40 days.In this private method , The patients will be treated completely and it will promised to mortals that incurable diseases ( suchas cancers, psoriasis and so on ) will be treated in short time and without any troubles . the patient will be treated in 10 to 40 days .1. cancers 2. skin disease 3. the digestire system diseases.4. sex weakness in men( premature ejaculation , weakness in genital organ ) 5.joints diseases(strampel – Artrus – gout)6. channels and genital system diseases in women cinfection in compassion and resica – orary kist7. vertebral column diseases ( disk in neck and waist ) 8. Hepatic diseases( infections, hepatic sirus – hepatite 9. renal diseases 10. diseases in genital system and channel in men ( prostate ,syphilis ,gonorrhea ,weakness in tesis)11. Inner gland diseases(diabetes)12. Blood Vessels diseases13.respiratory channels diseases (asthoma,goiter)14. Varieties boils and infetious wounds 15. premature old age In order to treat by this normal medicine (fasting +drinking water ) ,you should be a member of site until Mr. Jalalian ,specialist of water therapy medicine, will do remdial stages.We offer the best wishes for you .http://www.water-medicine.com

It is popular in Japan today to drink water immediately after waking up every morning. Furthermore, scientific tests have proven a its value. We publish below a description of use of water for our readers. For old and serious diseases as well as modern illnesses the water treatment had been found successful by a Japanese medical society as a 100% cure for the following diseases: Headache, body ache, heart system, arthritis, fast heart beat, epilepsy, excess fatness, bronchitis asthma, TB, meningitis, kidney and urine diseases, vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea, piles, diabetes, constipation, all eye diseases, womb, cancer and menstrual disorders, ear nose and throat diseases.but in Prophetopathy, discouraging this style of Naturopathy. and it stated that it will bad effected to Memory power like jorces of man. We should use the dates like hoted fruits in empty Stomach.

1.. As you wake up in the morning after brushing teeth, drink 4 x 160ml glasses of boiled milk water 2.. Brush and clean the mouth but do not eat or drink anything for 45 minute 3.. After 45 minutes you may eat and drink as normal. 4.. After 15 minutes of breakfast, lunch and dinner do not eat or drink anything for 2 hours 5.. Those who are old or sick and are unable to drink 4 glasses of water at the beginning may commence by taking little water and gradually increase it to 4 glasses per day. 6.. The above method of treatment will cure diseases of the sick and others can enjoy a healthy life. The following list gives the number of days of treatment required to cure/control/ reduce main diseases: 1.. High Blood Pressure - 30 days 2.. Gastric - 10 days 3.. Diabetes - 30 days 4.. Constipation - 10 days 5.. Cancer - 180 days 6.. TB - 90 days 7.. Arthritis patients should follow the above treatment only for 3 days in the 1st week, and from 2nd week onwards - daily. This treatment method has no side effects, however at the commencement of treatment you may have to urinate a few times.

It is better if we continue this and make this procedure as a routine work in our life. Drink Water and Stay healthy and Active. This makes sense .. The Chinese and Japanese drink hot tea with their meals ...not cold water.

May be it is time we adopt their drinking habit while eating!!! Nothing to lose, everything to gain... For those who like to drink cold water, this article is applicable to you. It is nice to have a cup of cold drink after a meal. However, the cold water will solidify the oily stuff that you have just consumed. It will slow down the digestion. Once this "sludge" reacts with the acid, it will break down and be absorbed by the intestine faster than the solid food. It will line the intestine. Very soon, this will turn into fats and lead to cancer. It is best to drink hot soup or warm water after a meal.

Cares with 40 days of staying with Prophetopathic Counsellings, diet and exercises at Calicut town based on these theory of water, and other diet therapies.

Please send your valuble suggetions, opinions and doubts to shafi@zuhoorihealing.com